Cold sores, caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), are usually spread through oral contact. After the initial infection, the virus lies dormant in nerve cells and can reactivate due to triggers like stress, fatigue, illness, hormonal changes, sun exposure, or dental work. When reactivated, the virus travels to the skin, causing fluid-filled blisters—commonly around the lips, but sometimes on the chin, cheeks, or inside the mouth. The typical cold sore cycle includes tingling, blistering, oozing, and crusting, with healing usually completed within 7 to 10 days.

While there is no cure for HSV-1, treatments can ease symptoms and shorten outbreaks. Prescription antiviral medications like acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are most effective when taken early and can help reduce the severity and spread of the virus. Over-the-counter options like docosanol (Abreva) and numbing gels containing lidocaine or benzocaine can also provide relief. It’s important to use these treatments as directed and consult a healthcare provider when needed, especially for children or immunocompromised individuals.