Cold sores are a common viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and are highly contagious. The virus spreads through direct contact, such as kissing or sharing food, drinks, and utensils with an infected person, as well as through contaminated objects like towels or lip balms. In some cases, individuals can spread the virus to other parts of their own body by touching a cold sore and then touching their eyes or genitals. Cold sores typically begin with a tingling, itching, or burning sensation, followed by the appearance of small fluid-filled blisters around the lips, nose, or gums. These blisters eventually burst, forming painful sores before drying into scabs and healing within 7–10 days. Although the sores disappear, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate later.

Several factors can trigger recurring outbreaks, including stress, excessive sun exposure, hormonal changes, illness, or a weakened immune system. While there is no permanent cure, antiviral medications such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir can shorten outbreaks and reduce symptom severity. Topical creams, pain relievers, and moisturizing lip balms may also provide relief. Preventive measures include avoiding close contact during outbreaks, not sharing personal items, using lip sunscreen, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Interestingly, researchers are also investigating links between oral health and neurological conditions. For example, some studies suggest that bacteria associated with gum disease may play a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease, the leading cause of dementia in the UK, although its exact cause remains unclear.